However, the pressure is rarely serious enough to cause death or any lasting problems, although occasionally a cesarean delivery may be needed. Less frequently, the umbilical cord becomes wrapped around other parts of the baby's body, such as a foot or hand.
Generally, this doesn't harm the baby. About 1 percent of babies are born with one or more knots in the umbilical cord 1.
Some knots form during delivery when a baby with a nuchal cord is pulled through the loop. Others form during pregnancy when the baby moves around. Knots occur most often when the umbilical cord is too long and in identical-twin pregnancies.
Identical twins share a single amniotic sac, and the babies' cords can become entangled. As long as the knot remains loose, it generally does not harm the baby. However, sometimes the knot or knots can be pulled tight, cutting off the baby's oxygen supply. Cord knots result in miscarriage or stillbirth in 5 percent of cases 1.
During labor and delivery, a tightening knot can cause the baby to have heart rate abnormalities that are detected by fetal monitoring. In some cases, a cesarean delivery may be necessary.
Umbilical cord cysts are outpockets in the cord. They are found in about 3 percent of pregnancies 2. Studies suggest that both types of cysts are sometimes associated with birth defects, including chromosomal abnormalities and kidney and abdominal defects 2. When a cord cyst is found during an ultrasound, the provider may recommend additional tests, such as amniocentesis and a detailed ultrasound, to diagnose or rule out birth defects.
The March of Dimes continues to support research aimed at preventing umbilical cord abnormalities and the complications they cause. One grantee is studying the development of blood vessels in the umbilical cord for insight into the causes of single umbilical artery and other cord abnormalities.
The goals of this study are to:. March of Dimes leads the fight for the health of all moms and babies. We support research, lead programs and provide education and advocacy so that every family can have the best possible start. Building on a successful year legacy, we support every pregnant person and every family.
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Normal or average cords are around 50—55 cm. If a cord is too long or too short, certain complications are more likely to occur. Short cord If an umbilical cord is too short—usually judged at less than 35 cm—the baby might not have enough cord to move around in the uterus, which helps stimulate growth.
Short cords are often seen alongside other congenital problems, so if detected, doctors should run tests. Short cords double the danger of stillbirth.
Usually, this is not a problem—many women with this condition deliver healthy babies. As long as the baby is receiving a good flow of oxygen and nutrients from the mother, there is no need to worry. But marginal cord insertion can develop into the dangerous velamentous cord insertion later in pregnancy, so it must be monitored carefully.
Ultrasound should be able to spot this condition. Velamentous cord insertion The cord implants itself next to the placenta, in neighboring tissue, and then travels to the placenta. There is no way to correct velamentous cord insertion , but as long as the baby is still receiving blood from the mother, the pregnancy can be successful, though studies have shown one in four end in miscarriage.
This condition is nine times more likely in twin or multiple-birth pregnancies. Can result in premature birth, decrease in fetal development, excessive bleeding during childbirth, fetal distress, and vasa previa. Vasa previa When there are blood vessels in the uterus right in front of the area where the fetus needs to come out at the opening of the cervix, childbirth can rupture them.
C-sections are necessary when fetal distress is apparent. Vasa previa is very important to diagnose and monitor. If untreated, death is likely.
Small blood vessels carry the fetal blood through the placenta, which is filled with maternal blood. After the baby is born and the umbilical cord is cut, there is blood leftover in the umbilical cord and placenta. The baby no longer needs this extra blood. Cord blood contains all the normal elements of blood, but it is also rich in stem cells similar to those found in bone marrow. Cord blood stem cells can be used to treat over 80 different diseases , with many more in the research stages.
There is a small window of opportunity at birth to collect cord blood. Collected cord blood is cryogenically frozen and stored in a family cord blood bank.
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